What is identified by Epictetus as the source of self-imposed slavery?

Epictetus, a prominent Stoic philosopher, emphasized that true freedom comes from understanding what is within our control and what is not. He argued that self-imposed slavery arises when individuals base their happiness on external factors, particularly those that they cannot influence or control. By making happiness dependent on things outside our control, such as the actions of others, material wealth, or public opinion, individuals become bound to circumstances that can lead to frustration, disappointment, and suffering. This dependence on uncontrollable aspects leads to a form of mental enslavement because it places one's emotional well-being in the hands of external events and the behavior of others, rather than fostering an inner sense of contentment that stems from one's own thoughts and actions. Understanding this distinction is vital for achieving personal autonomy and true happiness, which are central themes in Stoic thought.