What does Epictetus claim is NOT under our control?

Epictetus, a Stoic philosopher, emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between what is within our control and what is not. In his view, bodily health is an external factor that can be influenced by various circumstances beyond an individual's direct control. While we can take actions to promote good health, such as eating well and exercising, ultimately, our body may be subject to illness, injury, or other unforeseen events that we cannot wholly manage.

On the other hand, our attitudes, moral judgments, and goals are considered to be within our control. These elements pertain to our internal decision-making and perspective, which we can actively shape through reason and will. For instance, we can choose how to respond to challenges or ethical dilemmas, illustrating that while our physical circumstances may vary, our mental approach to them remains a matter of personal choice. Hence, Epictetus emphasizes the significance of focusing on what we genuinely can influence rather than becoming preoccupied with the uncontrollable aspects of life, such as our bodily health.