How does Epictetus suggest we can be free in a predetermined world?

Epictetus, a Stoic philosopher, emphasizes the importance of understanding what is within our control and what is not. He believes that true freedom comes from aligning one's thoughts and actions with Universal Reason, or the rational order of the cosmos. In a predetermined world, where many external circumstances are beyond our control, the key to achieving inner freedom lies in our ability to cultivate our inner thoughts and attitudes. By embracing Universal Reason, individuals can accept the events that happen to them and respond with a sense of tranquility and rationality, rather than being disturbed by the unpredictability of life.

This perspective allows one to focus on personal virtue and wisdom rather than external factors. Thus, the path to freedom in Epictetus's view is not found in external validation, societal expectations, or material success, all of which are beyond our complete control. Instead, it is through the cultivation of reason and acceptance that one can find true liberty in a world that may seem predetermined.