How does Epictetus suggest we can deal with hurt and disappointment?

Epictetus, a prominent Stoic philosopher, emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between what is within our control and what is not. In his view, human suffering often arises from our attachment to external circumstances and our emotional responses to things outside our influence. By focusing on what we can control—namely, our thoughts, intentions, and reactions—we can cultivate a healthier relationship with experiences of hurt and disappointment.

This approach encourages individuals to accept the realities they cannot change while taking responsibility for their inner responses. For example, if someone faces disappointment from an external event, instead of reacting negatively or seeking revenge, they are better served by analyzing their own response to the situation and adapting their mindset. This acceptance leads to a sense of autonomy and empowerment, helping to alleviate feelings of distress.

The other options do not encapsulate Epictetus’s philosophy as effectively. Seeking revenge conflicts with the Stoic ideals of self-control and virtue, cultivating detachment may ignore emotional responses rather than addressing them constructively, and completely avoiding painful situations can be impractical and deny the inevitability of hardship in life. Focusing on what we can control, on the other hand, aligns seamlessly with Stoic principles, providing a practical and grounded method for navigating life's challenges.